Dissertations / Theses: 'AROP' – Grafiati (2024)

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La présence d’atomes de soufre dans une chaine macromoléculaire permet d’apporter de nombreuses propriétés au matériau polymère. Par exemple, certains polymères soufrés présentent un indice de réfraction particulièrement élevé ou une bonne résistance à la chaleur. Ils sont également des chélateurs de métaux lourds et présentent des propriétés diélectriques améliorées. Par conséquent, ils trouvent des applications dans un large éventail de domaines industriels allant des adhésifs et agents d'étanchéité d'usage courant, aux produits de haute technologie, tels que des dispositifs optiques (polymères à indice de réfraction élevé), ou pour des matériaux auto-cicatrisants. En outre, les polysulfures sont couramment proposés comme matériaux oxydo-sensibles ou antioxydants pour des applications biomédicales en raison de leur comportement bien contrôlé de réponse à l'oxydation. La polymérisation par ouverture de cycle (ROP) de monomères cycliques comportant un atome de soufre est une méthode efficace qui permet de synthétiser ces polymères avec un contrôle sur la taille et la structure macromoléculaire. Les thiolactones sont des thioesters cycliques qui peuvent être utilisés en tant que monomère pour cette méthode. Cependant ces monomères sont encore peu étudiés parmi la communauté scientifique et plus particulièrement la γ-thiobutyrolactone (cycle à 5 membre), qui est peu polymérisable. Cette thèse s’intéresse au développement de nouvelles méthodes de synthèses de polymères soufrés en utilisant la γ-thiolactones. Nous proposons ici d’utiliser la γ-thiolactone pour fonctionnaliser des fonctions alcools ou amines par des chaines de poly(sulfure de propylène). En effet, l’AROP des épisulfures est une technique de synthèse bien connue et étudiée depuis les années 1960 mais l’amorçage de la polymérisation par des fonctions protiques (autres que les thiols et dérivé de thiols), induit des réactions de transfert et rend impossible le contrôle de la taille et des fins de chaines du polymère. La première partie est donc dédiée à l’utilisation de la thiolactone en tant que co-amorceur de la polymérisation contrôlée du sulfure de propylène. Cette méthode est alors appliquée à divers amorceur protiques comme les alcools et les amines, qu’ils soient aliphatiques ou aromatiques, ainsi qu’aux acides carboxyliques. De plus, les propriétés de ces polythioéthers sont évaluées, notamment leurs réponses à différents stimuli comme le pH et l’oxydation. Les applications potentielles sont également envisagées en utilisant cette méthode d’amorçage pour fonctionnaliser des molécules biologiquement actives avec des chaines de polymères soufrés et ainsi ouvrir la voie du développement de système bio-hybride ou pro-drogue. Avant le début de ce doctorat, une méthode de synthèse de polymère soufré a été développé au laboratoire en copolymérisant de façon alternée la γ-thiobutyrolactone et les époxydes par AROP. Les γ-thiolactones sont difficilement polymérisable du fait de leur faible tension de cycle mais cette méthode permet de synthétiser des poly(ester-alt-thioether)s fonctionnels dont les propriétés peuvent être modulées par la grande diversités des monomères époxydes et thiolactones théoriquement copolymériables. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est donc consacrée à l’élargissem*nt de la gamme de monomères époxydes et thiolactones copolymérisables avec une réflexion sur le sourçage des monomères ainsi que sur le cycle de vie des matériaux. De plus, les nombreuses propriétés de cette nouvelle structure poly(ester)s soufré sont explorées. Notamment en exploitant la sensibilité au pH de la liaison ester, qui permet de dégrader et de repolymériser le poly(ester-alt-thioether). Diverses stratégies de synthèses sont étudiées afin d’obtenir un poly(thiolactone-alt-époxyde) hydrophile notamment en oxydant le groupe thioéther de l’unité de répétition ou en copolymérisant un époxyde porteur d’une fonction alcool protégée
The presence of sulphur atoms in a macromolecular chain gives the polymer material a number of properties. For example, some sulphur-containing polymers have a particularly high refractive index or good heat resistance. They can also chelate heavy metals and have improved dielectric properties. As a result, they find applications in a wide range of industrial fields, from adhesives and sealants to high-tech products such as optical devices (high refractive index polymers) and self-healing materials. In the field of energy storage, polythioethers, in particular poly(ethylene sulphide), have great potential as solid electrolytes to replace poly(ethylene oxide) in lithium-ion batteries. In addition, polysulphides are commonly proposed as oxidation-sensitive or antioxidant materials for biomedical applications due to their unique and well-controlled oxidation response behaviour. Ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) of cyclic monomers containing a sulphur atom is an efficient method for synthesising these sulphur-containing polymers with a control over size and macromolecular structure. Thiolactones are cyclic thioesters that can be used as monomers for this method. However, these monomers are still scarcely studied among the scientific community and more particularly γ-thiobutyrolactone (5-membered ring), which is poorly polymerisable. This thesis focuses on the development of new methods for the synthesis of Sulphur containing polymers using γ-thiolactones. The first method of synthesis is the anionic ring-opening polymerisation (AROP) of episulphides. Here we propose to use γ-thiolactone to functionalise alcohol or amine functions with poly(propylene sulphide) chains. AROP of episulphides is a well-known synthesis technique that has been studied since the 1960s, but polymerisation initiated by protic functions (other than thiols and thiol derivatives) induces transfer reactions and makes it impossible to control the size and structure of polymer chains. The first part is therefore devoted to the use of thiolactone as a co-initiator in the controlled polymerisation of propylene sulphide. This method is then applied to various protic initiators such as alcohols and amines, both aliphatic and aromatic, as well as carboxylic acids. In addition, the properties of these polythioethers are evaluated, in particular their responses to various stimuli such as pH and oxidation. Potential applications are also considered by using this initiation method to functionalise biologically active molecules with sulphur containing polymer chains and thus pave the way for the development of bio-hybrid or pro-drug systems. Before the beginning of this PhD, a synthesis method of sulphur containing polymers was developed in the laboratory by the alternating copolymerization of γ-thiobutyrolactone with epoxides through AROP. The γ-thiolactones are difficult to polymerise due to their low ring tension, but this method allows the synthesis of functional poly(ester-alt-thioether)s whose properties can be modulated by the wide diversity of epoxy and thiolactone monomers that are theoretically copolymerisable. The second part of this thesis is therefore devoted to extend the range of copolymerisable epoxides and thiolactones monomers, with a focus on monomer sourcing and the life cycle of materials. In addition, the many properties of this new sulphur containing poly(ester)s structure are being explored. In particular, by exploiting the pH sensitivity of the ester bond, which enables the poly(ester-alt-thioether) to be degraded and repolymerised. Various synthetic strategies are being studied to obtain a hydrophilic poly(thiolactone-alt-epoxide), in particular by oxidizing the thioether group of the repeating unit or by copolymerising an epoxide bearing a protected alcohol function

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Orientador: Josúe Pereira da Silva
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A tese trata da obra do filósofo e sociólogo francês Raymond Aron (1905-1983), de seu percurso intelectual e, especificamente, da sociologia política presente no conjunto de sua produção intelectual, com especial ênfase em suas obras acadêmicas e cursos proferidos em diversas instituições de ensino, como a Sorbonne e o Collège de France. Filósofo de formação, mas sociólogo, professor e jornalista por ofício, Aron produziu extensa obra sobre diversos temas: da filosofia à sociologia, passando pela economia, história, guerra, política francesa, marxismo, relações internacionais e história das ideias, dentre outros assuntos. A percepção política presente na sociologia aroniana é discutida em quatro momentos: formação filosófica; publicação da trilogia sobre a sociedade industrial e de As etapas do pensamento sociológico; crítica a K. Marx e ao regime soviético; e crítica dos mitos da esquerda e dos marxismos imaginários. O trabalho oferece ainda uma análise biobibliográfica de Raymond Aron, além de um levantamento completo dos trabalhos (livros e teses acadêmicas) a seu respeito
Abstract: The thesis treats about the work of french philosopher and sociologist Raymond Aron (1905-1983), of his intellectual course and, specifically, about political sociology present in the whole of his intellectual production, with special emphasis in his academical works and university studies pronounced in several institutions of teaching, like Sorbonne and Collège de France. Graduated philosopher, but sociologist, master and journalist by charge, Aron produced a vast work about several themes: from philosophy to sociology, through the economy, history, war, french politics, marxism, diplomacy and history of ideas, among other matters. The political perception present in aronian sociology is debated in four moments: philosophical development, publication of trilogy about the industrial society and Main Currents in Sociological Thought; critique to K. Marx and the soviet regime; and critique of the left myths and imaginary marxisms. The work offers yet a biobliographical analysis of Raymond Aron, yonder a complete survey of works (books and academical thesis) to concern him
Doutorado
Sociologia
Doutor em Sociologia

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Le rapport entre morale et politique constitue l'un des thèmes essentiels de la pensée de R. Aron. Son étude permet de mieux comprendre les relations qui existent dans l'oeuvre de ce dernier entre philosophie et de l'histoire, théorie du politique et sociologie, et de mieux saisir la nature et la portée de l'engagement du "spectateur engagé". Après une analyse de la biographie et de l'autobiographie de Raymond Aron, une présentation de l'oeuvre révèle l'importance accordée à l'antinomie classique entre valeurs morales et valeurs politiques, et l'attachement de R. Aron à la "politique de l 'entendement". Influencé par Max Weber, R. Aron reprend l'opposition entre morale de la responsabilité et morale de la conviction à la fois dans l'analyse du politique et dans l'élaboration des règles politico-morales du commentateur politique. Mais la réévaluation de la personnalité de R. Aron, notamment dans son rapport au judaïsme, à la gauche et aux "moralistes", puis de sa méthodologie et de sa praxis démontre que R. Aron a tenté de surmonter cette antinomie classique à l'aide de l'idée de la raison. Idéal régulateur de la connaissance historique et de la théorisation du politique, cette idée de raison tend à devenir un idéal moral qui fonde une éthique. Cette éthique couronne l'oeuvre de R. Aron et a influencé ses prises de position
The relation between ethics and politics constitutes one of the major issues of Raymond Aron's thought. Its study permits to understand better the relations in his work between philosophy of history, theory of politics and sociology, and to perceive the nature and the scope of the commitment of the "spectateur engagé". After an analysis of the biography and auto-biography of R. Aron, a presentation of the work reveals the importance given to the classic antinomy between moral values and political values, and the attachment of R. Aron to the "politics of understanding". Influenced by Max Weber, R. Aron takes up the opposition between ethics of responsibility and ethics of conviction in his analysis of politics as well as in the elaboration of the politico-moral rules of the political commentator. But the revaluation of the personality of R. Aron, especially in its links to judaism, to the left-wing and to moralists, of his methodology and praxis shows that R. Aron has tried to overcome this classic antinomy with the help of the idea of reason. A regulator ideal of historical knowledge and of theorisation of politics, this idea of reason tends to become a moral ideal which founds an ethics. This ethics is the crowning achievement of his work and has influenced his stands

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The aim of this report is to increase the knowledge and understanding of the problems within the production at AQ Enclosure systems, and thereby achieve a more stable flow throughout the whole process, a better working environment and better competition advantages. The internal flow along with the external cooperation is very important for the company, because it views flexibility and short leadtime as it is the most important competitive means. The part of AQ production that’s been investigated is the manufacturing of ATM-machines, where the costumer is Banqit. This company is a rater small company with about 4 % of the world market of ATM-machines.

In order to achieve the aim of the report extensive interviews have been carried out with employees at AQ. Employees in both the administrative part as well as the manufacturing part has been interviewed. The interviews have been conducted in a way were the respondents have had the opportunity to study the questions in advance.

The survey has given a result which indicates problem over a wide scale. A lot of the company problems do not lie in a particular department; they rather include the whole company. The picture of their problems became more complex whereas different respondents look at the same problems in different ways. One big difference in views was clearly identified between office staff and the producing staff. The problems that emerged were not related to lack of machine capability, the problems were rather linked to the managing of production and organization. One example of this problem is the producing personnel’s lack of knowledge and commitment to the company philosophy. The problems concerning management also reflect in a rather strong feeling that divides the company in two, us and them. This feeling affects the whole production line. The producing personnel feels that the office lack understanding of their everyday work and don’t encourage suggestions concerning process evolvement. One other big problem concerning AQ’s production is that some of their key suppliers are either single source or locked from their costumer Banqit.

The conclusions of the report shows several areas in which AQ can improve. One measure that the company can implement is introducing a more foreseeable and visual handling of their pallets within the factory. The company management ought to find ways to better mediate the production philosophy throughout the entire organization. Furthermore, the company management should increase the will to see potential ways of improving and increase the inclination of expressing those suggestions. The suggestions should not only concern the personnel’s own workplace but rather span over the entire process. The report also identifies possible areas of improvement concerning the internal and external team cooperation. The different teams ought to see each other as costumers and produce an equally good result regardless of if the item is produced for an internal department or an external costumer.

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« La guerre est simplement la poursuite de la politique par d’autres moyens » : c’est la formule la plus célèbre de Clausewitz. Veut-elle dire que la guerre est un instrument du politique, un de ses moyens, comme le soutiennent certains ? Ou plutôt, comme le soutiennent d’autres, veut-elle dire que la guerre doit, par nécessité, être soumise au politique afin d’en contenir les débordements ? La réponse tient, c’est l’hypothèse principale qui se situe au cœur de ce travail, dans la conception aronienne du politique qui unit une forme de réalisme politique (les rapports entre les hommes et les sociétés sont fondés sur les conflits d’intérêts et d’idées, sur la puissance et la force) et une forme d’idéalisme à consonance kantienne (par-delà la puissance et la force, la raison demeure une fin ou un idéal régulateur qui demeure à l’horizon de la coexistence des êtres humains). Si, pour Aron, la guerre est inévitable, elle n’abolit pas –sauf les cas où elle devient « totale » – le politique car, selon lui, elle n’occupe pas tout l’espace. Le primat du politique est donc réaffirmé même en situation de guerre. Mais plutôt qu’une véritable « continuation » de la politique par la guerre, faisant de celle-ci un instrument de celui-là, il faudrait envisager ici une autre manière d’affirmer ce primat, fondé sur une sorte de « lien de nécessité » : l’inévitable phénomène qu’est la guerre ne peut être laissé à lui-même, il doit nécessairement être encadré par le politique afin d’éviter tout débordement. Toutefois, cet encadrement n’offre aucune garantie et, à la fin, cette absence de garantie, qui n’a rien à voir avec un scepticisme désespéré, propose un pari sur une raison incertaine mais résiliente : «si nous ne parions pas sur la raison, sur quoi allons-nous parier ? »

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Cherchant a se connaitre lui-meme en connaissant le monde, reconnaissant la vanite des propheties, l'historicite de la pensee et de l'action politiques, r. Aron developpe une antinomie politique sur toirs plan: 1) sur le plan philosophique il etudie la pluralite des interpretations, insiste sur l'implication de l'observateur dans le processus d'objectivation et pose l'antinomie generale de l'acceptation ou du refus du monde; 2) rejetant le positivisme durkheimien et historique, aron applique sa raison polemique aux ideologie et developpe une sociologie politique des regimes industriels en centrant son analyse sur l'antinomie de la democratie et du totalitarisme; 3) enfin il accorde une place a part aux relations internationales qu'il etudie a partir du phenomenequerre et du scheme interetatique, illustrant ainsi l'antinomie du permanent et de l'inedit (passions politiques et techniques modernes notamment). Primat d'interet politique, diversite et solidarite des domaines abordes et attention au conflit forment l'originalite de la phenomenologie d'aron
Raymond aron tries to know himself by studying the world in which he lives. He underlines the vanity of prophecies and the historicity of political thought and action, and develops his antinomic theory: 1) by studying the plrality of interpretations and the involvement of the observer in the proc4ess of objectivization from the philosophical point of view, and by establishing the general antinomy of acceptance or refusal of the world as ti is; 2) by applying his polemical reason to ideologies in order to elaborate a political sociology of industrial systems, the central antinomy then being that of democracy or totalitarianism, 3) finally he gives a specific place to interantional relations which he examines on the grounds of international anarchy, illustrating the antinomy of permanency and novelty. Primacy of political interest, diversity and interdependance of the various fields he studies, attention to conflicts, constitute the originality of aron's phenomenology

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Après le rendez-vous manque des années trente, la période de la guerre, passée par Raymond Aron à londrès, voit naitre une pensée stratégique originale et le style propre du futur commentateur. Aron est armé d'une vision stratégique complète pour la France, affaiblie mais victorieuse, de 1945. De 1946 à 1949, face à l'U. R. S. S. , il est un chaud partisan de l'alliance américaine et d'un réarmement symbolique ; constatant la dégradation du rapport des forces international, il pressent une nouvelle guerre à la fin de la décennie quarante. De la Corée aux accords de Bonn, on le retrouve au coude à coude avec le général de Gaulle pour réclamer avec vigueur le réarmement national et s'inquiéter des plans d'armée européenne. Cette conjonction se brise en 1952-1954 alors que se recompose le panorama des positions stratégiques, selon un schéma qui ; annonce les controverses des années soixante. Des 1955-1956 Aron dispose des concepts fondamentaux de sa pensée en matière de stratégie atomique. On discerne en 1956 les positions qu'il défendra au cours du "grand débat". Il ne désapprouve pas les grandes options de la politique militaire du général de Gaulle dans les premiers mois. Mais il rompt avec éclat quant sont dévoilés les contours de la stratégie militaire nationale. Médiateur au plus haut niveau entre français et américains, champion de la cause euro-atlantique, l'universitaire prestigieux est pourtant trompe dans ses attentes et ses aspirations personnelles. Les circonstances le conduisent à une semi-retraite dans le débat stratégique français ; la spéculation théorique l'emportera désormais sur l'engagement.

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Raymond Aron is widely recognised as France's greatest twentieth-century liberal, but the specifically liberal quality of his thought has not received the detailed historical analysis that it deserves. His work appears to fit so well within widely accepted understandings of post-war European liberalism, which has been defined primarily in terms of its anti-totalitarian, Cold War orientation, that its liberal status has been somewhat taken for granted. This has been exacerbated by an especially strong perception of a correlation between liberalism and anti-totalitarianism in France, whose late twentieth-century renaissance in liberal political thought is viewed as the product of an 'anti-totalitarian turn' in the late 1970s. While the moral authority accumulated through decades of opposition to National Socialism and Soviet communism made Aron into an anti-totalitarian icon, his early contribution to the rediscovery of France's liberal tradition established his reputation as a leader of the renaissance in the study of liberal political thought. Aron's prominence within this wider renaissance suggests that an historical treatment of his thought is overdue, but while the assumptions underpinning his reputation are not baseless, they do need to be critically scrutinised if such a treatment is to be credible. In pursuit of this end, two main arguments are developed in the present thesis. These are, first, that Aron's liberalism was more a product of the inter-war crisis of European liberalism than of the Cold War and, second, that his relationship with the French liberal tradition was primarily active and instrumental rather than passive and receptive. The first argument indicates that Aron's liberalism developed through a dialogue with and partial integration of important strands of anti-liberal crisis thought during these inter-war years; the second that earlier liberals with whose work he is frequently associated - notably Montesquieu and Tocqueville - had no substantial formative influence on his political thought. These contentions are interrelated in that Aron's post-war interpretation of his chosen liberal forebears was driven by a need to address specific problems arising from the liberal political epistemology that he formulated before the Second World War. It is by establishing in detail the link between Aron's reading of Montesquieu and Tocqueville and these earlier writings that the thesis makes its principal contribution to the existing literature on Aron, but several other original interpretations of his work are offered across its four thematic chapters on 'Political Epistemology', 'Anti-totalitarianism', 'The End of Ideology' and 'Instrumentalizing the French Liberal Tradition'. Regarding Aron's relationship with the wider late twentieth-century recovery of liberal political thought in France, it contends that the specific liberal renaissance to which he contributed most substantially emerged not as part of the anti-totalitarian turn, but in hostile reaction to the events of May 1968. This informs a broader argument that French liberal renaissance of these years was considerably more heterogeneous than is often assumed.

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L'oeuvre de Hans Arp, entre 1915 et 1920, se caractérise par une variété formelle et matérielle. L'artiste semble hésiter entre plusieurs univers de formes. Arp affirme pourtant que ces années constituent le « fond de son art ». La cohérence de ses travaux semble se situer en amont de l'oeuvre, au moment de l'activité artistique. Arp met en place des processus qui lui permettent de repenser la création. Ils satisfont l'intransigeance éthique du mouvement Dada et engagent l'oeuvre dans un nouveau rapport avec la vie. L'objectif de ce travail est de circonscrire le rôle et les enjeux de ces protocoles et leurs impacts sur l'oeuvre. Trois angles successifs ont été adoptés. D'abord, à travers une biographie nous abordons la façon dont l'artiste se construit dans l'Europe des avant-gardes, les racines de sa pensée esthétique. Ensuite, nous nous attachons a l'activité créatrice. Elle est repensée depuis la composition jusqu'a la production matérielle des oeuvres. Nous mesurons successivement la portée d'anti-art de ces processus et les nouveaux contenus qu'ils amènent dans l'oeuvre. Enfin, nous analysons l'autonomie de la production: du déploiement de la forme à son rapport avec le spectateur. Ces trois angles proposent une nouvelle articulation entre la pensée de la création et l'oeuvre. La structure de notre travail tente de répondre a celle toujours complexe et ambiguë de la plastique de Arp qui se trouve tout entière tendue entre construction et poétique de la forme

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My research activities and publications have taken several directions : 1. Bibliography. The outcome of my bibliographical investigations is arp. Bibliographie, 2 volumes, london : grant & cutler, research bibliographies and checklists; vol. 1, ecrits dichtung, 1981,176 p. ; vol. 2, critique kritik, 1983, 112 p. 2. Editing. My inventory of and work on the arp archives has allowed me to edit hans arp, gesammelte gedichte 3, zurich : arche munich : limes, 1984, 266 p; i have also edited the papers of the arp colloquium i organised for the centennial ou arp's birth and which was held at strasbourg (2527 september 1986) : arp poete plasticien, melusine, 9 (universite paris 3), l'age d'homme ; 1987, 300 p; 3. Biography. Production of three filmson arp's life and work and a series of biographical articles. 4. Translation. Arp logbuch, paris : arfuyen, 1983, 47 p. , and a number of poem translations for journals and catalogues. 5, criticism. "arp poete ou l'art du palimpseste" (arp as poet or the art of palimpsest), 550 p. , a study of arp's poetic and plastic techniques based on the textual changes eefected in the late years on early poems and texts. Numerous articles on arp's poems.

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The thesis focuses on analysis and design of a special hospital bed designed for the department of anesthesiology and resuscitation. The design was based on the rules set by the ČSN EN 60601-2-52 norm. The bed is adjusted for the use at the department of anesthesiology and resuscitation not only with its look but also with its functions. The design emphasizes the ergonomics of the bed, safety and the needs of the patient as well as of the staff and also an easy maintenance of the bed. Some of the main innovative elements are: basal stimulation system placed directly in the bed, used colors, more infusion-rack holders or a headboard fixed to the construction of the bed if not needed. The bed was designed especially to provide more comfort to the patient.

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Glomerulopatia associada ao HIV (GNHIV) é causa de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) napopulação portadora de HIV/AIDS. Entre negros americanos de 20 a 64 anos a GNHIV é aterceira causa de IRC. No Brasil não há levantamentos recentes sobre o assunto. Proteinúriapersistente (PTp), especialmente acima de 1,5g nas 24h, é o principal marcador desta doença.Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de PTp, assim comosua associação com GNHIV. Metodologia: Foram incluídos todos os pacientes quecompareceram à consulta regular no ambulatório de HIV/AIDS do HC/UFPE entre Janeiro eJunho de 2004. PTp foi determinada através de fita urinária reagente em pelo menos 2 ocasiões eesta foi quantificada através da relação proteína/creatinina urinária (RP/C). Foram comparadas asvariáveis raça negra, nível de CD4<200cel/mm3, nível de carga viral>100.000cópias/mL e usode anti-retrovirais potentes (ARVp) nos grupos com e sem PTp. Em relação ao nível deproteinúria os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com RP/C urinária em < 1,0; entre 1,0 e 3,0e > 3,0. Os pacientes com RP/C urinária > 3,0 foram submetidos a biópsia renal. Resultados:Foram estudados 411 pacientes com idade média de 37 anos e predominância do sexo masculino(70,3%). Cerca de 44,3% eram pardos, 37,5% negros e 18,2% brancos. O tempo médio dediagnóstico do HIV foi de 4,7 anos, o nível médio de linfócitos CD4 363cel/mm3 (DP 94,7) ecarga viral média 44475cópias/mL (DP 40369). Creatinina sérica acima de 1,3mg/dl foiencontrada em 4,1% dos pacientes e 92,2% desta população estava em uso de ARVp. Aprevalência de PTp foi de 5,6% (IC95%; 3,6% a 8,3%). Houve associação entre nível deCD4<200cel/mm3 e a presença de PTp (p<0,048); as demais variáveis analisadas, isto é, raçanegra (p=0,784), nível de carga viral >100.000cópias/mL (p=0,787) e uso de ARVp (p=1,0) nãomostraram associação. Dos pacientes com PTp, um apresentava forma clássica de GNHIV, umapresentava RP/C>3,0 e alterações podocitárias à histologia e outros dois pacientesapresentavam quadro compatível com GNHIV em remissão. Conclusões: A prevalência de PTpencontrada neste estudo foi 5,6%. Houve associação estatistística com o nível deCD4<200cel/mm3 nos grupos com e sem PTp. Apenas um paciente apresentava GNHIV e doisestavam em fase de remissão da glomerulopatia associada ao uso de ARVp

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Notre idée principale est d'essayer de comprendre la pensée politique de Raymond Aron à partir de sa théorie sur l'histoire. Pour nous, derrière sa proclamation d'une politique raisonnable ou progressive existe un support épistémologique, à savoir la proposition d'un déterminisme de probabilité concernant la vérité historique, proposition qui ne peut se constituer que dans le cadre d'une critique de la philosophie spéculative de l'histoire. Dans l'Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire, Aron tente de surmonter l'antinomie du devenir humain entre unité totale du modèle hégélien-marxiste et pluralité irréductible du modèle d'Oswald Spengler, mais sans tomber dans le piège du relativisme absolu. Plus précisément, sa propre critique de la philosophie de l'histoire se constitue à double niveau: au niveau méthodologique, il essaye de réinterpréter la relation entre la compréhension et l'explication pour établir l'objectivité historique. Et au niveau ontologique, pour éviter une conclusion relativiste, il réintroduit l'idée d'une société humanisée au sens kantien, mais d'une manière moins téléologique et plus régulatrice. Dans le domaine politique, corrélativement, il rejette tout type de messianisme garanti d'avance, car, à ses yeux, ce n'est que par choix et décision instantanée que l'homme fait son histoire, tout en gardant l'espoir de la liberté. Et son libéralisme se différencie du libéralisme purement économique et apparaît à la fois conservateur vis-à-vis de la tradition et essentiellement politique. Notre recherche consistera à montrer comment s'est élaboré, en surmontant les philosophies dogmatiques de l'histoire, ce déterminisme de probabilité ; comment il a su appliquer cette conviction historique à son analyse de la société, notamment en tant que libérale et quel rôle doit jouer, selon lui, un intellectuel face à la politique ; nous reprendrons ensuite sa critique vis-à-vis des intellectuels français, pour l'appliquer au débat entre les intellectuels chinois.

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L'origine des divergences entre l'interpretation du marxisme par althusser qui soutenait que le marxisme est la vraie science et par aron qui pensait que le marxisme est plutot ideologie que science, se situe theoriquement dans le domaine de l'epistemologie dans la mesure ou althusser a cree une epistemologie personnelle, la coupure epistemologique, pour defendre dogmatiquement la scientificite du marxisme, alors qu'aron utilisait l'epistemologie traditionnelle de la justification et l'epistemologie popperienne de la falsification afin de demontrer les limites de la scientificite du marxisme
The origin of divergences between interpretation of marxism by althusser who considered the marxism is science and by aron who thought that the marxism is more similar ideology but science, is in the domain of the epistemology theoretially. Althusser has created personal epistemology, the gap of epistemology, for defending the science of marxism dogmatically. But aron utilized the traditional epistemology by justification and the epistemology of popper by falsification, for demonstrating the limit within the science of marxism

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre emEngenharia Mecânica
No fabrico da torre metálica, realizado na empresa A. Silva Matos, Energia, S.A., a montagem do aro da porta é uma operação crítica do processo.A operação de corte do perfil do aro da porta no corpo da torre eólica é feita por oxicorte manual, seguindo sempre a geometria de um molde.A operação de soldadura dos aros das portas ao corpo da torre é feita através do processo de soldadura por Fios Fluxados (FCAW). A operação exige mão-de-obra altamente qualificada e dispendiosa e é bastante demorada (55 horas).A necessidade de diminuir os tempos e os custos das operações de corte e soldadura dos aros das portas das torres eólicas levou à procura de alternativas ao trabalho manual.A aplicação de um dispositivo automático de soldadura poderá permitir à empresa diminuir o tempo total do processo e reduzir o número de operadores de dois para um.Estima-se que o dispositivo de soldadura projectado consiga diminuir a duração do processo de soldadura para cerca de 15 horas.

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Le déclin de l'Europe au XXe siècle est un fait incontestable. Peut-on ou doit-on franchir le pas et affirmer que l'Europe, comme civilisation, est condamnée à la décadence? Raymond Aron a analysé durant plus de 50 ans l'évolution de l'Europe à travers ses différentes facettes : idée, construction institutionnelle, sentiment. Il affirme la crise de l'Europe, comme crise de civilisation, pour mieux la combattre. L'Europe a un avenir à condition de penser son Histoire. L'Histoire n'est ni la promesse d'un progrès certain ni la condamnation définitive à la décadence. Le réalisme aronien souhaite éviter deux extrêmes : le moralisme et le cynisme. La proposition de cette thèse est l'introduction du terme «oscillation» entre déclin et vitalité historique : de la décadence au déclin, du déclin à la crise, de la crise au conflit, du conflit à la vitalité, de la vitalité à la créativité et de la créativité à l'action. L'oscillation doit mettre en tension l'Europe pour passer de la crise à la métamorphose. La vertu est le chaînon manquant entre déclin et vitalité historique. Elle permet à la tension de revenir à un point d'équilibre. L'accomplissem*nt de la vertu met en pratique la potentialité, la réponse au défi, l'engagement et la vitalité historique. La survie de la civilisation européenne tient en cette ligne de crête fragile mais tremplin vers un renouveau
The decline of Europe in the twentieth century is an indisputable fact. Can or should we go ahead and say that Europe, as a civilization, is doomed to decadence? Raymond Aron analyzed for more than 50 years the evolution of Europe through its various facets: idea, institutional building, feeling. He assures the crisis in Europe, as a crisis of civilization, to better fight it. Europe has a future. This is about thinking History. History is not the promise of some progress nor the final sentence to decadence. The realism of Aron wants to avoid two extremes: moralism and cynicism. The proposal of this thesis is the introduction of the word "oscillation" between decline and historical vitality: from decadence to decline, from decline to crisis, from crisis to conflict, from conflict to vitality, from vitality to creativity, and from creativity to action. The oscillation should literally energize Europe so as to transform crisis and conflict. Virtue is the missing link between decline and historical vitality. It allows energy to become harmonious again, to its point of equilibrium. The fulfillment of virtue puts into practice potentiality, the answer to challenge, commitment and historical vitality. The survival of the European civilization lies in this delicate edge that is a springboard to a revival

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Le compositeur viennois Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951) compose son opéra Moses und Aron entre 1930 et 1932. Le thème principal du livret, écrit par le compositeur, est tiré du livre de la Bible (Livre de l'Exode). Il met en scène la confrontation entre Moi͏̈se et son frère Aron. Il ne s'agit donc pas d'une mise en musique conforme au texte primitif, mais d'une réinterprétation qui se construit sur la trame du mythe mosai͏̈que dans le but de développer des pre��occupations plus contemporaines. Pour le choix de son sujet, Schönberg est marqué par des influences littéraires, philosophiques et artistiques. Parmi les écrivains auxquels il accorde une place prépondérante, on trouve Richard Dehmel, August Strinberg, Balzac. Au plan artistique, la relation avec Wassily Kandinsky permet à Schönberg de trouver un écho à ses propres préoccupations. L'essai du peintre Du spirituel dans l'art aura sur Schönberg un impact certain. L'architecte Adolph Loos saura également convaincre le musicien à sa doctrine du renoncement à tout moyen décoratif. . .

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Francisella tularensis, l’agent étiologique de la tularémie, est une bactérie à multiplication intracellulaire facultative capable d’infecter de nombreux types cellulaires avec un tropisme particulier pour les macrophages. Cette bactérie est responsable d’infections graves chez de nombreuses espèces animales mais aussi chez l'homme. En particulier, la sous-espèce F. tularensis ssp tularensis a été classée comme agent de bioterrorisme de type A du fait de son pouvoir pathogène extrêmement élevé avec une faible dose infectieuse. Des approches de mutagénèse aléatoire et de criblage de banques de mutants ont suggéré l’importance des gènes impliqués dans les fonctions métaboliques et nutritionnelles dans le cycle intracellulaire de Francisella. Parmi ces gènes, on retrouve de très nombreux systèmes de transport d’acides aminés dont la sous-famille de transporteurs amino-polyamine-organocation (APC). Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à un transporteur APC codé par le gène FTN_0571, que nous avons appelé GadC. Pour comprendre l’importance de GadC dans la virulence de F. tularensis, nous avons réalisé un mutant chromosomique, délété du gène gadC, chez la sous-espèce novicida. Nous avons démontré que GadC est un importeur de glutamate et qu’il est nécessaire à la multiplication intracellulaire et à la virulence de Francisella, en assurant une sortie normale de la bactérie du phagosome. Ce phénomène s’explique par l’implication de GadC dans la résistance au stress oxydant généré dans le phagosome. De façon remarquable, la multiplication du mutant gadC est restaurée dans un contexte gp91phox-/-, incapable de générer des espèces réactives de l’oxygène, aussi bien in vitro qu’in vivo. Enfin, nous avons montré que l’activité de GadC modifie la production de certains intermédiaires du cycle de Krebs, et la transcription de l’enzyme qui leur est associée, démontrant un lien étroit entre la résistance au stress oxydant, le métabolisme du glutamate et la virulence de F. tularensis. Ces résultats nous ont conduits à nous intéresser à un autre transporteur appartenant à la sous-famille APC, présentant une hom*ologie de 33% avec GadC, et que nous avons nommé ArgP. Nous montrons qu’un mutant argP présente un défaut de multiplication intracellulaire et de virulence résultant d’un retard sévère de sortie du phagosome. Ce phénotype s’explique par un défaut d’import d’arginine. L’inactivation du gène argP dans la sous-espèce holarctica LVS provoque des défauts de multiplication intracellulaire similaires à ceux observés dans la sous-espèce novicida, suggérant un rôle conservé du transporteur ArgP dans les différentes sous-espèces de F. tularensis. Comme l’arginine constitue un acide aminé essentiel pour la bactérie, nous nous sommes posés la question de l’importance de cet acide aminé durant la phase phagosomale. Une analyse du protéome bactérien du mutant argP de F. novicida, dans des conditions mimant les conditions nutritionnelles phagosomales, révèle que l’arginine joue un rôle prépondérant dans la traduction des protéines en affectant la synthèse des protéines ribosomales. L’ensemble des travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse constitue la première démonstration de l’importance de l’acquisition d’acides aminés durant la phase phagosomale du cycle intracellulaire de F. tularensis
Francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia, is a facultative intracellular bacterium which can infect multiple cell types with specific tropism for macrophages. This bacterium is responsible for severe infections in numerous animal species and in humans. Of note, F. tularensis subsp. tularensis has been classified as a type A bioterrorism agent because of its high infectivity and very low infectious dose. Genome sequence analyses and genome-scale genetic studies have revealed the importance of genes involved in metabolic functions throughout the bacterial intracellular cycle. Among these genes, several amino acid transporter where found to belong to the amino-acid-polyamine organocation subfamily (APC), prompting us to address the role of these transporters in bacterial virulence. We first focused on the APC transporter encoded by gene FTN_0571 in F. tularensis subsp. novicida and named GadC. We showed that GadC was a genuine glutamate importer, necessary for Francisella intracellular multiplication and virulence. gadC inactivation completely blocked bacterial phagosomal escape. Remarkably, multiplication of a gadC mutant was restored in gp91phox-/- macrophages that are unable to generate reactive oxygen species. Altogether, our study revealed that glutamate uptake was critical in bacterial oxidative stress resistance in the phagosomal compartment and highlighted possible links between glutamate utilization and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. These results prompted us to address the role of a second APC transporter sharing 33 % amino acid identity with GadC and named ArgP. argP inactivation severely delayed bacterial phagosomal escape, thus impairing intracellular multiplication and virulence. We demonstrated that ArgP was a high affinity arginine transporter, suggesting that impaired phagosomal escape might be directly linked to an arginine import defect. argP inactivation in the F. tularensis subsp. holarctica Live vaccine strain also leads to a severe intracellular multiplication defect, consistent with a conserved role among all F. tularensis subspecies. Arginine is an essential amino acid for F. tularensis. To understand the importance of this amino acid during the phagosomal phase of the Francisella intracellular life cycle, a proteomic analysis of the bacteria, in conditions of arginine limitation, was carried out. This analysis revealed that arginine limitation affected in the argP mutant the expression of a series of proteins and in particular of all the ribosomal proteins. One may imagine that intracellular bacteria could also sense nutrient limitations in the phagosome as a subcellular localization signal. Altogether, these studies constitute the first demonstration of the importance of amino acid acquisition during F. tularensis phagosomal escape

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Background: Specialty training is a stressful period in medical training. Trainees must work in a busy clinical environment and meet their training competencies. Trainees must complete an annual review to ensure that they are competent to pass to the next level of training. This thesis is interested in why some trainees (5%) have difficulties progressing through their training. Factors which impact on trainees’ performance are complex and multiple in nature. It may start with their personality or country of graduation (or both). Secondly, it may be that trainees have not received adequate feedback and this has contributed to their underperformance or, thirdly, the service demands and work intensity impact on a trainee’s ability to progress. An in-depth understanding of the factors and how they interact with each other and impact on trainees underperforming is needed. Aim: This thesis set out to identify the factors that either facilitate or hinder medical specialty trainees in their Annual Review of Competence Progression (ARCP), with a focus on adverse ARCP outcomes. Methods: Research was conducted across three phases. Phase One was a retrospective observational study investigating which trainees had difficulty progressing through their ARCPs (over a five year period). Phase Two was a systematic literature review to identify indicators that are associated with doctors who experience difficulties with progressing during their specialty training. Phase Three involved a constructivist Grounded Theory study to provide further understanding about what helped or hindered ARCP outcomes. Results: Findings from Phase One identified that trainees who were older, male or had qualified overseas were found to be at a greater risk of receiving adverse ARCP outcomes. Phase Two identified seven indicators from the literature, these were: overseas graduates and ethnicity, age, gender, personality traits, financial issues, trainee background and issues related to the organisation. Phase Three involved semi-structured interviews with trainees (n=21) and trainers (n=57). Interviews identified risk factors and enablers to progressing through specialty training. The three core categories identified were: individual, training environment and society. Associated risks and enablers were also identified under each of these three core categories. The overall core category, which emerged from the data and explained why trainees had difficulties progressing was focused on a conflict of values. A ‘values model’ was developed to explain why trainees fail their ARCPs. Discussion: The synthesis of all Phases of this thesis, informed the development of a ‘circuit’ model that identified the barriers and enablers to trainee progression (Phase Four). In addition, a screening tool was devised to help Trusts with the early identification of trainees most at risk of adverse ARCP outcomes, and ensure enabling factors are made available to support trainees. Conclusion: This thesis has identified why trainees fail ARCPs (conflict in values), the barriers and enablers to progression and has developed a tool to support the early identification of trainees most at risk.

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L’étude de l’oeuvre poétique tardive de l’artiste Jean Hans Arp (1886-1966) révèle que l’opposition entre non-sens et sens, au moyen de laquelle est souvent analysé le passage de sa production dada à sa poésie des années cinquante et soixante, n’a pas lieu d’être. L’introduction d’une cohérence aux plans formel et structurel permet au plan sémantique le maintien de la plurivocité et de la contradiction. L’analyse des formes poétiques arpiennes montre l’existence d’une invention et d’une variété formelles intactes dans la production tardives, entre actualisation de formes anciennes et innovation. Cette tension anime également son activité anthologique et éditoriale, comprise comme élément constituant de sa poétique tardive : le poète déploie des stratégies visant à constituer, entre soixante et quatre-vingts ans, une oeuvre réflexive, intégrant les cinquante années de production antérieure, mais en déjouant constamment les écueils de l’(auto-)monumentalité. Le rapport entretenu avec la réalité extérieure au langage connaît un bouleversem*nt référentiel après 1943-1945. La critique accrue de la rationalité occidentale et l’exigence d’expression subjective conduisent à la mise en place d’un discours poétique sur le monde et sur les capacités du langage, une « cosmogonie de poche » à la fois humble et démiurgique. Elle consiste en une confiance inaltérée dans le pouvoir créateur du langage poétique, capable de créer d’autres mondes. Cette modernité radicale d’Arp, exacerbée car revendiquée, le situe de façon originale dans le contexte du devenir des avant-gardes européennes après 1945 et met en lumière la spécificité de son appartenance à une génération de transition
A close study of Jean Hans Arp’s late poetry exposes the inadequacy of the traditional opposition between non-sense and sense, which is frequently used to analyse the transition from his Dada production to the poetic works of the 1950s and the 1960s. By introducing a formal and structural coherence, the poet manages to preserve plurivocity and contradiction on a semantic level. Considering the specificities of Arp’s late poetic forms, the study shows that invention and variety are as vivid then as they were during Dada Zurich, based on both innovation and actualisation of former techniques. This tension is inherent to his anthological and editorial activity as well, which is considered here as a key element of his late poetics. In his sixties and up until his eighties, the poet develops strategies aimed at constituting a reflexive work which integrates the earlier production while always avoiding the trap of (self-) monumentalisation. After 1943-1945, the relationship between Arp's poetry and reality outside the language undergoes a profound referential change. His increasing criticism of western rationalism and need for subjective expression, without returning to neo-romanticism, form the basis for a poetic discourse on the world and the possibilities of language, a “pocket cosmogony” that is both humble and demiurgic”. The latter hinges on an unwavering faith in the creative power of the poetic word and its ability to generate other worlds. This radical modernity, consciously asserted, locates Arp’s late work as an original experiment in the context of the avant-gardes post-1945, highlighting his specific itinerary within a transitional generation

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Ce travail concerne l'etude d'especes organometalliques stables, des types >m#1#4 et >m#1#4=x, a metal 14 dans un bas degre de coordination non usuel. Le premier chapitre est une mise au point bibliographique concernant essentiellement les basses coordinences stables du germanium des types >ge ; et >ge=y (y = o, s, se, n-) dont les structures ont pu etre determinees par r. X. Le deuxieme chapitre est consacre aux methodes de synthese et a l'etude physicochimique et structurale des nouvelles especes divalentes hom*oleptiques stables m(oar)#2 m = ge, sn, pb ; aro = 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenoxy-. La mise en evidence de coordinations dynamiques n#. #. #. M#. #. #. N entre les azotes des ligandes aro et le metal 14 ainsi que l'etude de certains aspects de la reactivite de ces especes, notamment des reactions de cycloaddition, sont egalement presentees. Dans le troisieme chapitre nous decrivons la synthese et la reactivite des nouvelles especes heteroleptiques (aro)xm: (m = ge, sn ; x = cl. M = ge, sn, pb ; x = n(sime#3)#2). Les differents types de coordinations intramoleculaires du metal par le groupe aminoaryle sont discutes en fonctions de la nature du groupe x. Le dernier chapitre concerne la reactivite de ces especes divalentes vis-a-vis d'oxydants. Dans une premiere partie nous decrivons l'acces, par voie directe, aux nouvelles especes insaturees stables de type (aro)#2m=y (y = n-r, o, s, se) ; certains aspects de leur reactivite sont egalement presentes. Dans la deuxieme partie de ce chapitre la preparation, egalement par voie directe, ainsi que la caracterisation physicochimique de nouveaux complexes espece divalente metal de transition stables (aro)#2m=m'l#n sont rapportees (m' = fe, w, cr, pt)

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This thesis rewievs present day research on the settlement of Östra Aros in central Sweden. The thesis deals with the period from late Iron age to about 1270 AD, when the Swedish archdiocese moved to the already existing early-medieval settlement of Östra Aros, thus becoming the medieval town of Uppsala. The basis of the thesis is the study of a variety of source materials, such as artefact studies, runestones, topography and the prehistoric and early medieval hinterland. The thesis centers on archaeological excavation data and dating of settlement structures, particularly focusing on the settlements establishment. Through a critical review of primarily the written record and the archaeological data, the settlements characteristics and functions are discussed, emphasising when and if the settlement could be described as a town, central- or trading place.

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Today's unsustainable resource use is influenced by many factors. One key factor isproduction methods and patterns. Trough change of production patterns enterprises can bepart of the solution to a more sustainable society. This case study has analyzed environmentalperformance of the printer company Edita Västra Aros Ltd (EVA), who has gained awards forits environmental work, and what driving forces they have had during this work. The survey isbased on a qualitative method and the collected data consists of documents and staffinterviews, which have been analyzed with content analysis. This essay identifies four successfactors behind EVA’s successes within sustainable enterprise. Those are long-term systematicwork, monitoring of outcome, energy efficiency gains and communication throughenvironmental labels. Long-term systematic work has contributed to increased credibility,more efficient production and lower environmental impact. EVA has measured anddocumented and has been able to evaluate the effects of environmental measures. Energyefficiency improvements have resulted in competitive advantages and received interest asgood practice. EVA has communicated its environmental work well, using differentindependent environmental brands and labels. This has simplified communication of own andits customers’ environmental profiles. The driving forces for the environmental performancehave mainly been responsibility for the environment and cost savings. Measures, whichinitially were motivated from environmental liability and competitive advantages, have nowalso generated market advantages.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Abstract: The work is subsumed on the objective of examining the theory of history developed by Raymond Aron (1905 - 1983), accounted primarily in relation to its connection with german thought. The process of constitution of his theoretical-epistemological, as well as political thought was deeply marked by the strenuous presence of german philosophical conceptions, whose fruitful dialogue took place, especially, during the decade of 1930, which resulted in the conception of his doctoral thesis, namely, Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire: Essai sur les limits de l'objectivité Historique. The defense of this thesis is the representation of a process marked by the struggle not only of generations, but also of different systems of thought. The question of this work is, in this sense, precisely the critical analysis of the "appropriation" presented by the work of Aron, from the confrontation of the works he carried out in the 1930s with the tradition of which he is considered to belong and, finally, to prescribe its specificity. This discussion is embedded in a larger context which deals with the reception of german philosophical and sociological thought in France. Aron was from his formation linked to german philosophy, initially to Kant and, later, to phenomenology, marxism, to the philosophy of W. Dilthey, as well as to the Neo-Kantianism of the Baden School, and especially to Max Weber. This period is decisive for the constitution of his theory of history or, in Aron's terms, of his "critical philosophy of history", based on the "critique of historical reason". A theory distinguished mainly by the search of the limits of historical objectivity and by an ontological-existential perspective.
O trabalho encontra-se subsumido no objetivo do exame da teoria da história desenvolvida por Raymond Aron (1905 - 1983) considerada, primordialmente, em relação ao seu vínculo com o pensamento alemão. O processo de constituição do seu pensamento teórico-epistemológico, bem como político, foi profundamente marcado pela forte presença de concepções filosóficas alemãs, cujo fecundo diálogo foi realizado, especialmente, durante a década de 1930, o qual resultou na concepção de sua tese de doutoramento, a saber, Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire: Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité Historique. A defesa dessa tese é a representação de um processo marcado pelo embate não só de gerações, mas de sistemas de pensamento distintos. A questão de trabalho é, nesse sentido, justamente a análise crítica dessa “apropriação” apresentada pela obra de Aron, a partir da confrontação de seus trabalhos realizados na década de 1930 com a tradição da qual se julga pertencente e, finalmente, da determinação de sua especificidade. Esta discussão está inserida em um contexto maior que trata da recepção do pensamento filosófico e sociológico alemão na França. Aron esteve desde a sua formação ligado à filosofia alemã, inicialmente a Kant e, posteriormente, com a fenomenologia, o marxismo, com a filosofia de W. Dilthey, bem como com o neokantismo da Escola de Baden e, principalmente, com Max Weber. Este período é determinante para a constituição de sua teoria da história ou, nos termos de Aron, de sua “filosofia crítica da história”, baseada na “crítica da razão histórica”. Uma teoria marcada principalmente pela busca dos limites da objetividade histórica e por uma perspectiva ontológico-existencial.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T17:02:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 12009 - William Pereira.pdf: 3794972 bytes, checksum: 64fbf9758bbf44329031caf3b369b79a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-22
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The present study has two specific phases: Early, was studied the isathine irradiation with the presence of diisopropil-phosphoril-dimethylidrazone (diisopfh), in chloroform, at room temperature and 300nm. The structure of photo-product was elucidated by GC/MS, IR, NMR 1H, 13C and 31P, as well as hety-cosy, hom*o-cosy and other techniques. The proposal mechanism involve a bi-radical from triplet excited state of isathine that react with C=N of the diisopfh and has a ring expansion. The successive pass would be thermal and with propanone elimination, as thermal rearrangement on phosphoric derivates described in the literature. In a second phase was studied, by Laser Flash Photolysis, the kinetic effect of the six aromatic derived of phosphoril-hidrazone (H, p-Cl, p-NO2, p-CN, p-NMe2 e p-CO2H) on the triplet excited state of four aromatic ketones: Xanthone, Tioxanthone, Benzophenone and Benzyl. The observed process to quencher, in all cases, was energy transference, because the rate constants are in the order of 1010M-1s-1. In this form was possible to estimate the energy of triplet excited state of these six phosphoril-hidrazone derivates.
O presente estudo divide-se em duas etapas bem distintas: Inicialmente, estudou-se a irradia??o de isatina na presen?a de diisopropil-dimetilfosforilidrazona (diisopfh) em clorof?rmio, a temperatura ambiente e comprimento de onda de 300nm. H? forma??o de um produto majorit?rio cujo peso molecular corresponde ? soma dos reagentes, diminu?do de 58g/mol. A estrutura deste produto foi elucidada por CG/EM, IV e RMN de 1H, 13C e 31P, al?m de t?cnicas como hom*ocosy, hetycosy e outros. Prop?e-se um mecanismo via bi-radical formado a partir do estado excitado triplete da isatina com a liga??o C=N do composto diisopfh e conseq?ente expans?o do anel isat?nico; levando ? forma??o de um prov?vel produto fotoqu?mico prim?rio resultante de cicloadi??o. Numa segunda etapa, por processo t?rmico de elimina??o de propanona, similar a processo descrito na literatura por Olah, levaria a forma??o do fotoproduto detectado (derivado fosforil-benzodiazep?nico). Numa segunda etapa, estudou-se, por Fot?lise por Pulso de laser, o efeito cin?tico da presen?a de seis derivados arom?ticos de fosforilidrazona (H, p-Cl, p-NO2, p-CN, p-N (CH3)2 e p-CO2H) sobre o estado excitado triplete de quatro cetonas arom?ticas: tioxantona, xantona, benzofenona e benzil, todos em solu??o de acetonitrila. As constantes de velocidades obtidas (da ordem de difus?o da acetonitrila 1,9x1010 M-1s-1) indicam que o processo de supress?o de estado excitado se faz por transfer?ncia de energia. Desta forma foi poss?vel estimar a energia de estado excitado triplete destes derivados arom?ticos de fosforilidrazona.

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Dans cette etude, nous avons applique la mecanique moleculaire pour determiner les geometries privilegiees d'une serie de triarylphosphines ar#3p. Les groupes ar sont des cycles benzeniques diversem*nt substitues (me, cl, ome, ch#2ome, ch#2sme). Nous avons montre que le champ de force mm#2 propose par allinger permet d'obrenir une bonne description des geometries moleculaires sur l'ensemble de notre serie, a condition de supprimer le terme de stretch-bend et de choisir pour les liaisons cc des cycle's benzeniques les parametres d'elongation suivants, lo= 1396 a et ks=960 mdyn/a. Pour une serie de quatre molecules dont les geometries ont ete determinees par diffraction des rayons x, l'ecart moyen sur la valeur moyenne des longueurs de liaison pc est egale a 14 10##3 a, alors que l'ecart moyen sur l'angle de pyramidalisation alpha est egal a 0. 88#o. Toutes les molecules etudiees adoptent une geometrie en helice. L'angle de pyramidalisation alpha varie peu tant qu'une position ortho sur chaque cycle benzenique reste libre. Pour les molecules possedant des groupes differents sur les positions ortho des cycles benzeniques, les groupes de plus grosse taille, pointent dans la meme direction que la paire libre d'electrons du phosphore. A partir des geometries calculees, nous avons pu separer l'influence des effets electroniques et des effets steriques des substituants des cycles ar sur le potentiel d'oxydation ep des triarylphosphines. A l'interieur d'une famille de triarylphosphines isosteriques (=c#t#e), il existe une excellente correlation entre ep et les sigmas de hammett des substituants des cycles ar

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Afin d'étudier les fragments produits par la photodissociation de l'eau, on dilue H2O dans un gaz rare (Ne, Ar, Kr et Xe). Dans le cas de l'argon on observe la formation de l'excimère ArOD. On met en évidence une prédissociation dans le premier état excité du chlorure de magnésium lors de sa photodissociation
This work is concerned with several aspects of reaction dynamics : photodissociation of H₂O and D₂O, observation of the ArOD van der Waals molecule and reactivity of Magnesium atoms. The photodissociation of H₂O and D₂O near the threshold for production of excited OH/OD (A²Σ⁺) fragments has been studied by two-photon excitation of the B ̃ ¹A₁ state at 266nm. The distribution of rotationnal population obtained seems to confirm the existence of long-lived trajectories. When the dissociation process is initiated with a small energy excess, as suggested by quantum mechanical calculations on realistic potential surfaces. When D₂O was dissociated in presence of Argon, an excimer emission from the van der Waals ArOD molecule has been observed. This band was attributed to the transition from the first excited (linear) state to the ground L-shaped state. The emission profile was succesfully simulated using a recently published potential for the excited state and modeling the ground state potent by the X²Σ⁺ground state of ArF. The reactions of Mg (¹S, ³P) with Cl₂and various chlorinated compounds have been studied by LIF and spectral dispersion of the MgCl chemiluminescence reaction product. Rovibronic population distributions were extracted from the experimental spectra, using simulation and inversion procedures. The dynamics of the Mg(¹S)+Cl₂reaction was reinvestigated and compared with the dynamics of the Mg(³P)+ Cl₂chemiluminescence channel. The derived population distributions are consistent with the short distance harpooning mechanism suggested in a previous work of B. Bourguignon, M-A. Gargoura, J. Rostas and G. Taieb

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De 1926 1983, l'idée européenne a préoccupé Raymond Aron. D'abord pacifiste, il constate dès 1931 qu'elle n'est qu'une idée d'intellectuels. Pendant la guerre, exilé à Londres, il exalte le combat héroïque des nations européennes contre l'Europe hitlérienne. De 1943 à 1955, c'est le moment européen. Aron souhaite que les nations européennes vivent ensemble sans renoncer à leur légitimité historique. Il redoute par ailleurs la menace soviétique. D'où son double engagement, gaulliste et atlantique. Il ne partageait pas la vision de Jean Monnet, et vit dans l'échec de la CED la mort du mythe politique européen. Après 1955, l'analyse du conflit Est-Ouest l'amène à l'idée que, pour penser l'Europe, il faut penser la guerre. Clausewitz lui donne le moyen de cette tâche intellectuelle et civique. L'arme atomique permettait de sortir des guerres en chaîne ; l'Europe, provisoirement divisée, pourrait vivre libre, audelà de la politique de puissance, dans le cadre historique des nations
From 1926 to 1983, the European idea has been foremost in Raymond Aron's thought. Once a pacifist, Aron turned to realism as early as 1931, and wrote the European idea was an idea of intellectuals. A wartime exile in London, he praised the heroic fight of the European nations against Hitler's Europe. The years from 1943 to 1955 were a tuming point. Aron wished the European nations to live peacefully together, yet without abdicating their historical legitimacy. Besides, he feared the Soviet threat. Hence his double commitment to gaullism and atlanticism. He did not share Jean Monnet's vision, and considered the failure of the EDC the death of the European political myth. After 1955, analyzing the Est-West conflict led him to the conclusion that thinking Europe mplies thinking war, a both intellectual and political task, with insight into Clausewitz. The Abomh enabled the escape from the century of total war. Europe, though provisionally divided, would survive in freedom, beyond power politics, within the historical framework of nations

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Neste trabalho estudamos a região central da galáxia LINER/Seyfert 1 Arp 102B na tentativa de descobrir a natureza dos recentemente descobertos braços espirais nucleares. Apresentamos uma análise bi-dimensional da excitação e cinemática do gás nos 2.5 kpc X 1.7 kpc internos, a partir de espectros ópticos obtidos com o espectrógrafo de campo integral do instrumento GMOS no telescópio Gemini Norte, com resolução espacial de ≈ 250 pc. Nossos mapas de fluxo nas linhas de emissão mostram os mesmos braços espirais nucleares descobertos em imagens feitas com o Telescópio Espacial Hubble. Um jato rádio, observado em 8.4 GHz com o VLA, está correlacionado com o braço espiral a leste. Outro braço é observado a oeste. Valores de razões de linhas típicos de núcleos ativos excluem ionização do gás por estrelas, restando choques e radiação diluída como possíveis fontes de ionização. Uma região de alta densidade do gás _e observada na borda ao norte do braço leste, numa região onde o jato rádio parece ser deexionado. Mapas de velocidade centroide mostram um padrão de rotação distorcido, com blueshifts a leste e redshifts a oeste. Channel maps mostram blueshifts e redshifts no local do jato rádio (e braço a leste), sendo interpretados como originados na parede de frente e de trás de um outow empurrado pelo jato rádio, que é lançado perto do plano do céu. Um disco em rotação é bem ajustado no mapa de velocidade centroide, exceto numa região de possível outow, a sudeste do núcleo, mesma região onde se observa uma alta dispersão de velocidade. Estimamos uma taxa de outow de 0:8-3:8x10-2Mʘyr-1, um pouco maior que a taxa de acreção ao núcleo ativo. Propomos um cenário em que o gás foi recentemente capturado por Arp 102B numa interação com Arp 102A, num disco inclinado e desencadeando a atividade nuclear. Um jato nuclear é lançado perto do plano do céu e da linha dos nodos, empurrando o gás circumnuclear e dando origem aos braços espirais.
In this work we studied the LINER/Seyfert 1 galaxy Arp 102B in order to unveil the nature of its newly discovered nuclear spiral arms. We present a two-dimensional analysis of the gaseous excitation and kinematics of the inner 2.5 kpc X 1.7 kpc, from optical spectra obtained with the GMOS integral eld spectrograph on the Gemini North telescope at a spatial resolution of ≈ 250 pc. Our GMOS-IFU emission-line maps display the same two-armed nuclear spiral as previously observed with the HST-ACS camera. A 8.4 GHz VLA bent radio jet correlates with the east spiral arm. Another arm is seen to the west. Emission line ratios typical of active nuclei rule out ionization by stars, leaving shocks and diluted radiation as possible ionizing sources for the gas. A knot of high gas density is observed in the northern border of the east arm, at a region where the radio jet seems to be de ected. Centroid velocity maps display a distorted rotation pattern, with blueshifts to the east and redshifts to the west. Lower blueshifts are shown along the radio jet. Channel maps show blueshifts and redshifts at the jet location (and eastern arm), being interpreted as originated in the front and back walls of an out ow pushed by the radio jet, which is launched close to the plane of the sky. The gas kinematics is well reproduced by a rotating disk except in a possible out ow region, south-east from the nucleus, where the gas shows high velocity dispersion. We estimate a mass out ow rate in the range 0:8-3:8x10-2Mʘyr-1, which is just somewhat higher than the mass accretion rate to the active nucleus. We propose a scenario in which gas has been recently captured by Arp 102B in an interaction with Arp 102A, settling in an inclined disk rotating around the nucleus of Arp 102B and triggering its nuclear activity. A nuclear jet is launched close to the plane of the sky and the line of nodes, pushing the circumnuclear gas and giving origin to the nuclear arms. The knot of high velocity residuals can be interpreted as another (more compact) out ow, with a possible counterpart to the north-west.

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Pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction and recovery is critical to the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cytoskeletal and subsequent cell membrane dynamics play a key mechanistic role in determination of EC barrier integrity. Here, we characterizAQe the actin related protein 2/3 (Arp 2/3) complex, a regulator of peripheral branched actin polymerization, in human pulmonary EC barrier function through studies of transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), intercellular gap formation, peripheral cytoskeletal structures and lamellipodia. Compared to control, Arp 2/3 inhibition with the small molecule inhibitor CK-666 results in a reduction of baseline barrier function (1,241 +/- 53 vs 988 +/- 64 ohm; p < 0.01), S1P-induced barrier enhancement and delayed recovery of barrier function after thrombin (143 +/- 14 vs 93 +/- 6 min; p < 0.01). Functional changes of Arp 2/3 inhibition on barrier integrity are associated temporally with increased intercellular gap area at baseline (0.456 +/- 0.02 vs 0.299 +/- 0.02; p < 0.05) and thirty minutes after thrombin (0.885 +/- 0.03 vs 0.754 +/- 0.03; p < 0.05). Immunofluorescent microscopy reveals reduced lamellipodia formation after S1P and during thrombin recovery in Arp 2/3 inhibited cells. Individual lamellipodia demonstrate reduced depth following Arp 2/3 inhibition vs vehicle at baseline (1.83 +/- 0.41 vs 2.55 +/- 0.46 mm; p < 0.05) and thirty minutes after S1P treatment (1.53 +/- 0.37 vs 2.09 +/- 0.36 mm; p < 0.05). These results establish a critical role for Arp 2/3 activity in determination of pulmonary endothelial barrier function and recovery through formation of EC lamellipodia and closure of intercellular gaps.

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碩士
國立中正大學
化學工程研究所
102
Adipic acid is the monomer for various plastics and fibers, especially nylon 6,6. Adipic acid is presently produced by oxidation of a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone with nitric acid. It can also produced by bio-fermentation after hydrogenation of cis,cis-muconic acid. Catechol, one of the intermediates in the metabolic pathway, is usually toxic to cells. However, Pseudomonas putida is able to withstand a high concentration of catechol. Therefore, Pseudomonas putida is a good host for synthesis of muconic acid from glucose. To endow Pseudomonas putida with the capacity to produce cis,cis-muconic acid from glucose, we transformed aroZ (3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase) and aroY (protocatechuic decarboxylase) into Pseudomonas putida. aroZ and aroY containing ribosome binding sites were separately amplified from Klebsiella pneumonia using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then were ligated into pTZ57R/T vector. Two 50-bp hom*ologous sequences of catB were flanked to the aroZ-aroY fragment via PCR becoming aroZ-aroY-50. This aroZ-aroY-50 DNA fragment was then electro-transformed into Pseudomonas putida F1 and recombined with catB using the Red/ET recombination system. The chromosomal catBC promoter controls the transcription of aroZ-aroY and can be activated by cis,cis-muconic acid.